Single User System

Single User System (1945-1955)

• Manual wire/using tape for program input
• Machine cost is much greater than the labor cost
• OS = loader + libraries
• Problem: Low utilization of the expensive components

Batch processing system

Batch processing system (1955-1965)

• Using TAPE/DISK for program input
• Machine cost is greater than labor cost
• OS = loader + program controller + output processor
• Evolution: Increased utilization than before

Batch processing system

Batch processing system (1955-1965)

• Using TAPE/DISK for program input
• Machine cost is greater than labor cost
• OS = loader + program controller + output processor
• Evolution: Increased utilization than before

Multiprogramming system

Multiprogramming system (1955-1980)

• multiple programs reside in memory
• Multiple programs take CPU in turn
• OS = loader + program scheduler + memory management + output management
• Evolution: Further increased utilization

Time Sharing System

Time Sharing System (1970-present)

• Multiple programs reside in memory
• Multiple programs use the CPU in a time-sharing way
• OS = loader + program scheduler + memory management + interrupt handling +...
• Evolution: high utilization, reduced interaction delay

MULTICS

MULTICS

-The project of MULTICS started in 1964, led by MIT, along with General Electric and Bell Labs.

-It is an influential early time-sharing OS built on GE 645 computer, and a multi-user and multi-task OS based on the concept of a single-level memory.

-Innovations: PL/I, time-sharing scheduling, virtual memory, segemented memory, shared memory multiprocessor

-Although it failed, it had significant influence on modern OSes, especially on Unix.

UNIX

• Developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (AT&T's Bell Labs) in 1969.

• Orginally in assembly language, rewritten in C by Dennis in 1973.

• AT&T licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, bringing many Unix variants from vendors.

Linux

• Developed by Linus Torvalds and first released on 1991

• Open-source and free

• inspried by MINIX, a teaching OS kernel developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in the University of Helsinki

Personal computer

Personal computer (1981- )

• Single user
• The computer cost drops so that CPU utilization is no longer a key concern
• Focus on user interface and multimedia supports
• OS = loader + program scheduler + memory management + interrupt handling +...
• Evolution: to the public, more security issues

MacOS Family

MacOS Family

Windows family

Distributed System

Distributed System (1990- )

• Distributed multiple users
• Resource utilization is a key concern
• The focus is on the efficiency of network/storage/computation
• OS = distributed (loader + program/OS scheduler + memory management)
• Evolution: to the public, towards Internet, new challenges (unreliable/uncertain)

Android OS

• Cross-platform: support Java applications
• Runtime: Android virtual machine
• Application Framework: Simplified application development framework

AIoT operating system

AIoT system (2000- )

• Distributed multiple devices
• Utilization/availability is a key concern
• The focus is on the efficiency of network/storage/compute
• OS = distributed (program/OS scheduler + memory management + security/updates)
• Evolution: towards device, towards network, new challenges (unreliable/big data)

Fuchsia OS